The Concept of Illumina sequencing Course for Biotechnology Students

Illumina sequencing is one of the popular next-generation sequencing technologies having a massive impact on various clinical applications such as genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics. Combining clonal array formation and patent reversible terminator technology enables large-scale sequencing with accuracy and reliability. 

History of Illumina sequencing

In the mid-1990s, Cambridge scientists Shankar Balasubramanian and David Klenerman envisioned a novel approach to DNA sequencing while working on fluorescently labeled nucleotides to sequence fixed DNA molecules on the surface.

1997, The discussions led to the ideas of clonal arrays and massively parallel sequencing of short reads using solid-phase sequencing by reversible terminators. This innovative approach, termed sequencing bysynthesis technology (SBS), emerged as a groundbreaking method for DNA sequencing.

BY2000, Balasubramanian and Klenerman established Solexa’s corporate facility at Chester Ford Research Park.

In 2003, Solexa acquired molecular clustering technology from Manteia, enhancing the fidelity and accuracy of gene calling while reducing system optics costs through the generation of a stronger signal.

In 2005, Solexa achieved a milestone by sequencing the complete genome of the bacteriophage phiX-174, surpassing the achievements of Sanger's method in terms of data generation. 

In 2006,The Genome Analyzer was launched by Solexa for DNA sequencing. This instrument enables scientists to sequence 1 gigabase (Gb) of data in a single run, marking a significant advancement in DNA sequencing capabilities.

In 2007, Solexa's groundbreaking technology caught the attention of Illumina, which subsequently acquired the company. Over the years, Illumina's technology has played a pivotal role in sequencing microbe, plant, human, and animal genomes.

Principle of Illumina sequencing 

Cluster Generation and Sequencing by synthesis (SBS) technology combine to make Illumina sequencing. 

In cluster generation, up to 1000 copies are generated of single DNA molecules. The DNA molecule is immobilized on the specialized flow cell surface. The cluster generation process does not require mechanical spotting and any beads into the wells, ten million single-molecule clusters are generated per cm2.

Sequencing by synthesis (SBS) technology means identifying the bases while they are incorporated into the DNA template strand. Sequencing the millions of clusters of DNA molecules parallelly on the flow cell, during each sequencing cycle four fluorescently labeled nucleotides single labeled dNTP is added to the DNA template, and the sequence is terminated. After every sequencing cycle, which dNTP is added is identified from the fluorescent imaging.

Advantages of Illumina Sequencing Technology

• The use of all four reversible terminator-bound dNTPs (A, C, T, G) in each sequencing cycle minimizes the bias of nucleotide binding because of natural competition. 
• The base calling raw error rates are significantly reduced by calling each base after every sequencing cycle directly from the fluorescentsignal.
• The result is highly accurate base-by-base sequencing increases the accuracy across the entire genome, including within repetitive sequence regions and homopolymers.

Illumina Sequencing Application

• Whole-genome sequencingof plants, Humans, Animals, and Microorganisms.                    
• Exome sequencing 
• Target sequencing of clinically important genes.
• Liquid biopsy analysis for cell-free DNA in cancer patients. 
• Total RNA, mRNA sequence analysis, and expression level. 
• Chromatin and methylation Sequencing analysis. 

Importance of NGS for Para-medical and Biotechnology Students

• To pursue careers in health professions such as Medical Lab technologists, biotechnologists, Molecular biologists, and medical researchers benefit significantly from understanding and mastering the skill of NGS. 
• NGS plays a crucial role in the genetic diagnostic and therapeutic processes, contributing to the overall efficiency and effectiveness of patient care. Students who want to pursue a career in diagnostics should have an understanding of Sequencing techniques. 
• NGS plays a vital role in Cancer Genetics, so after the paramedical or Biotechnology courses want to pursue a career in a Cancer hospital as a diagnostic specialist or researcher, acquiring sequencing skills can go a long way. 
• Para-medical professionals involved in research may use NGS to explore genetic variations, study the impact of specific genes on health, and contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches. Understanding sequencing techniques is crucial for conducting meaningful research in medical genetics and molecular medicine. 

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Why Choose Ganesh Paramedical College for Pursuing Biotechnology Course?

Students of paramedical and biotechnology courses at Ganesh Paramedical College will get the theoretical and practical knowledge at a well-equipped molecular lab and skills to enter in healthcare industry.

Students of paramedical and biotechnology courses at Ganesh Paramedical College will get the theoretical and practical knowledge at a well-equipped molecular lab and skills to enter in health industry.

Ganesh Paramedical College offers an overall development of the students, making them an all rounded and able individual. We train students for a brighter and better future in healthcare. Let’s learn and go above and beyond our comfort zone, to support the healthcare industry and medical professionals for easy and accurate diagnosis.

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